research and pre-clinical development efforts and seek marketing approval for any product candidates that we successfully develop. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to establishing sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure to commercialize such products. Furthermore, we anticipate increased costs associated with being and operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts.

As is shown in Table 1, thrombin time (TT), prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were shortened, and fibrinogen (FIB) level was significantly increased in the model group. β-BA significantly prolonged TT, PT and APTT, and decreased FIB level compared with the model group, which demonstrated β-BA’s role to modulate plasma coagulation parameters in a dose-dependent manner.

Bachem supplies peptides and organic active ingredients whose patent protection has lapsed. This business segment accounts for 30% of Bachem’s sales revenue.

of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. We would cease to be an emerging growth company on the date that is the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more; (ii) December 31, 2021; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

Yue, M. M. et al. Novel RNA-binding Protein P311 Binds Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit b (eIF3b) to Promote Translation of Transforming Growth Factor beta1-3 (TGF-beta1-3). The Journal of biological chemistry. 289, 33971–33983 (2014).

Our operating history is limited to pre-clinical and clinical development of one product, and our operations to date have been limited primarily to research and development, raising capital and recruiting scientific and management personnel and third-party partners. Therefore, it may be difficult to evaluate our business and prospects. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to commercialize or obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate. Consequently, any predictions about our future performance may not be accurate, and you may not be able to fully assess our ability to complete development and/or commercialize Aramchol, and any future product candidates, obtain regulatory approvals or achieve market acceptance or favorable pricing for Aramchol and any future product candidates.

Antisense Therapeutics Limited (ASX:ANP.AX) is an Australian publicly listed biopharmaceutical drug discovery and development company. Its mission is to create, develop and commercialise antisense pharmaceuticals for large unmet markets. ANP has two drugs in development and two drugs in pre-clinical research. ATL1102 (injection) has successfully completed a Phase II efficacy and safety trial, significantly reducing the number of MRI lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. ATL1103 is a second-generation antisense drug designed to lower blood IGF-I levels and is entering the clinical stage of development as a potential treatment for growth and vision disorders. ATL1102 (inhaled) is at the pre-clinical research stage as a potential treatment for asthma. ATL1101 is a second-generation antisense drug at the pre-clinical stage being investigated as a potential treatment for prostate cancer.

development services. Under the agreement, the Company granted Merck licenses under certain of its intellectual property rights to manufacture, develop and commercialize compounds and products directed to selected program targets. The agreement consists of a research phase, where the Company and Merck collaborated on identifying and pre-clinically developing orally available cyclic peptides suitable for further development by Merck, and a development and commercialization phase pursuant to which Merck has sole discretion and responsibility, including financial responsibility, for further development and commercialization of these peptides, on a program-by-program basis, from the collaboration.

All forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf speak only as of the date hereof and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this annual report. We undertake no obligations to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that arise after the date made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. In evaluating forward-looking statements, you should consider these risks and uncertainties.

Mistrik, P. et al. The murine HCN3 gene encodes a hyperpolarization-activated cation channel with slow kinetics and unique response to cyclic nucleotides. J Biol Chem 280, 27056–61 (2005).

The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is in U.S dollar (the “dollar”), because the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company and its subsidiaries operate, and expect to continue operating in the foreseeable future. Transactions and balances denominated in dollars are presented in their original amounts. Non-dollar denominated transactions and balances have been re-measured to dollars in accordance with the provisions of ASC 830-10, “Foreign Currency Translation.” All transaction gains and losses from re-measurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-dollar currencies are reflected in the statement of operations as financial income or expenses, as appropriate.

        1.     I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 of Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc.;