information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret. Further, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such third party, or those to whom they communicate such technology or information, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

include the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the partner; the availability of research and manufacturing expertise in the general marketplace; and the level of integration, interrelation, and interdependence among the promises to transfer goods or services.

Our ordinary shares that are fully paid for are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our Articles, unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by applicable law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded. The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our Articles or the laws of the State of Israel, except for ownership by nationals of some countries that are, or have been, declared as enemies of Israel.

Directive 2003/94/EC and Volume 4 of the rules governing medicinal products govern GMP in the European community. Moreover, community law requires the clinical results in support of clinical safety and efficacy based upon clinical trials conducted in the European community to be in compliance with the requirements of Directive 2001/20/EC, which implements good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Clinical trials conducted outside the European community and used to support applications for marketing within the EU must have been conducted in a way consistent with the principles set out in Directive 2001/20/EC. The conduct of a clinical trial in the EU requires, pursuant to Directive 2001/20/EC, authorization by the relevant national competent authority where a trial takes place, and an ethics committee to have issued a favorable opinion in relation to the arrangements for the trial. It also requires that the sponsor of the trial, or a person authorized to act on his behalf in relation to the trial, be established in the community. Directive 2001/20/EC will be replaced by Regulation (EU) No. 536/2014 on Clinical Trials in the near future. Although the Regulation entered into force on 16 June 2014, the timing of its application depends on the development of a fully functional EU clinical trials portal and database, which will be confirmed by an independent audit. The Regulation becomes applicable six months after the European Commission publishes a notice of this confirmation. The entry into application of the Regulation is currently estimated to occur in 2019. Once the new Regulation becomes applicable, clinical trials law in the EU will be further harmonized.

Delays in regulatory approval, limitations in regulatory approval and withdrawals of regulatory approval may have a material adverse effect on the Company. If we experience significant delays in testing or receiving approvals or sign-offs to conduct clinical trials, Aramchol and any future product candidate’s development costs will increase and our ability to out-license Aramchol and any future product candidates may be impeded.

For several years, I have have been attracted to the idea that aging is essentially an evolved epigenetic program.  The holy grail would be to take cells that are programmed to be old and epigenetically reprogram them to be young.  The hitch in this plan is that to do this directly requires changing methylation at millions of separate sites, in addition to re-programming dozens of other kinds of epigenetic markers (besides methylation), some of which are just being discovered.  These sites are specific to cell type, introducing further complexity.  We have neither the knowledge of where all these sites are, and only rudimenteray ability to alter them with CRISPR and allied techniques.

To understand the consequences of increased miR-322 in hypoxia, we investigated the effects of miR-322 overexpression and knockdown on the proliferation and migration in rat PASMCs. As shown in Fig. 5a, stable overexpression of miR-322 significantly accelerated the proliferation rate of PASMCs compared to its control cells both under normoxia and hypoxia by MTS assay. EdU incorporation assay, a specific assay that labels replicating cells, also showed higher fraction of proliferating cells in miR-322-expressing cells compared with control cells (Fig. 5b). FACS analysis of PI-stained cells indicated that the proportion of cells in S and G2/M phase was significantly increased, and cells in G1 phase decreased by a comparable degree (Fig. 5c). To further confirm these results, we performed the proliferation assay in PASMCs after miRNA knockdown. In contrast with miRNA overexpression studies, proliferation was significantly reduced in anti-322 transfected cells compared to that of control cells, both when exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (Fig. 5d,e,f). These data indicate that miR-322 can significantly accelerate the proliferation of PASMCs.

Catalent announces investment for its Zydis ODT technology, offering increased drug load and taste-masking capabilities.

The registered share capital of the Company is NIS 500,000 divided into 50,000,000 ordinary shares, NIS 0.01 par value per share.

This was new to me.  Cyanobacteria have been around for 2.5 billion years, with the capacity to turn CO2 into O2.  But apparently it was not until 800-600 million years ago that the oxygen in the atmosphere approached present levels.

TGF-β1 is involved in renal fibrosis and EMT and is produced in large quantities during renal fibrogenesis. Therefore, we examined whether the decreased fibrosis in obstructed kidneys in P311−/− mice was associated with changes in TGF-β1 production. As shown in Fig. 5A, TGF-β1 mRNA expression significantly increased in the obstructed kidneys in the UUO groups compared to the Sham groups. However, there was no difference between P311+/+ and P311−/− mice in either the UUO or Sham groups (Fig. 5A). Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-β1 protein was expressed in the cytoplasm of some tubular epithelial cells and interstitial cells in obstructed kidneys P311+/+ and P311−/− mice (Fig. 5B). TGF-β1 protein levels were significantly higher in obstructed kidneys from P311+/+ mice compared to P311−/− mice, as determined by morphometry (Fig. 5C, 2.86-fold difference, P = 0.003). No TGF-β1-positive tubular epithelial cells were found in the P311+/+ and P311−/− Sham groups (data not shown). Western blot analysis also showed that TGF-β1 protein expression was significantly higher in obstructed kidneys from P311+/+ mice compared to in P311−/− mice (Fig. 5D, 1.99-fold difference, P = 0.001).

Kram, L., Grambow, E., Mueller-Graf, F., Sorg, H. & Vollmar, B. The anti-thrombotic effect of hydrogen sulfide is partly mediated by an upregulation of nitric oxide synthases. Thromb Res. 132, e112–117 (2013).