The tubular epithelium, which undergoes EMT, is an important source of matrix-producing cells and contributes to renal fibrogenesis. During EMT, tubular epithelial cells express vimentin, a fibroblast marker, and α-SMA, a myofibroblast marker17. To determine whether P311 regulates renal fibrogenesis via EMT, we examined vimentin and α-SMA expression. We found that vimentin protein levels as well as α-SMA mRNA and protein expression were significantly down-regulated in obstructed kidneys from P311−/− mice. Furthermore, α-SMA-positive regions and acidophilic degeneration seem to be co-localized with P311-positive areas in some tubular epithelial cells. Our previous study also showed that transfecting P311 into human fibroblasts stimulated α-SMA expression10. Moreover, P311 transfection into two murine fibroblast cells induced α-SMA expression. P311 and α-SMA co-localize in myofibroblasts during wound healing, and P311 expression occurs upstream of α-SMA expression9. These findings support our hypothesis that P311 is involved in renal fibrogenesis EMT.

Newman, J. H. et al. Genetic basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: current understanding and future directions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 33S–39S (2004).

During 2018, when the Company determined that the achievement of its first milestone was probable, it included the variable consideration of $1.5 million as a part of the transaction price allocated to the combined performance obligation including the delivery of the license and completion of the ARREST study. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period when events whose outcomes are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur that would indicate it is appropriate to recognize variable consideration as revenue.

D’Avanzo, N., Hyrc, K., Enkvetchakul, D., Covey, D. F. & Nichols, C. G. Enantioselective protein-sterol interactions mediate regulation of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic inward rectifier K+ channels by cholesterol. PLoS One 6, e19393 (2011).

Nevertheless, under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an Office Holder against any of the following:

A three-tier fair-value hierarchy was established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Certain of our intellectual property rights may be licensed from third parties, including universities and strategic partners. Such third parties may determine not to or fail to protect the intellectual property rights that we license from them and we may be unable to defend such intellectual property rights on our own or we may have to undertake costly litigation to defend the intellectual property rights of such third parties. There can be no assurances that we will continue to have proprietary rights to any of the intellectual property that we license from such third parties or otherwise have the right to use through similar strategic relationships. Any loss or limitations on use with respect to such intellectual property licensed from third parties or otherwise obtained from third parties with whom we have entered into strategic relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There are a lot impressive creative scientists. I quoted Einstein because of the “imagination” component.

It’s gonna be interesting to see what comes up in the discovery for the class action suits (and this sounds like a legit time for a class action suit). Did people raise concerns that were suppressed by management? Multiple producers, so it’s not just a single toxic organization. Multiple products. For six years. This really blows my mind.

Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NasdaqGS:ASTX ) is dedicated to the discovery and development of novel small molecule therapeutics with a focus on oncology. The Company is developing a proprietary pipeline of novel therapies and is creating de-risked products for partnership with leading pharmaceutical companies. Astex Pharmaceuticals developed Dacogen and receives significant royalties on global sales.

Bachem supplies peptides and organic active ingredients whose patent protection has lapsed. This business segment accounts for 30% of Bachem’s sales revenue.

Aydin, U. et al. Effects of atorvastatin on vascular intimal hyperplasia: an experimental rodent model. Angiology 60, 370–377, doi: 10.1177/0003319708321102 (2009).