In addition, we rely on the protection of our trade secrets and proprietary know-how. Although we have taken steps to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how, including entering into confidentiality agreements with third parties, and confidential information and inventions agreements with employees, consultants and advisors, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, and third parties may still obtain this information or may come upon this or similar information independently. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating its trade secrets. If any of these events occurs or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, our business may be harmed.

Lu, T. M. et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The American journal of cardiology 94, 157–161, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.052 (2004).

For those that decide not to partake of rejuvenation technology, they should consider the future possibilities they will be missing out on.

        Second, a product may be designated as a Breakthrough Therapy if it is intended, either alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The FDA may take certain actions with respect to Breakthrough Therapies, including holding meetings with the sponsor throughout the development process; providing timely advice to the sponsor regarding development and approval; involving more senior staff in the review process; assigning a cross-disciplinary project lead for the review team; and taking other steps to design the clinical trials in an efficient manner.

Unless the appointing director limits the time or scope of the appointment, the appointment is effective for all purposes until the earlier of (i) the appointing director ceasing to be a director; (ii) the appointing director terminating the appointment; or (iii) the occurrence, with respect to the alternate, of any of the circumstances under which a director shall vacate his or her office. The appointment of an alternate director does not in itself diminish the responsibility of the appointing director as a director. An alternate director is solely responsible for his or her actions and omissions and is not deemed an agent of the appointing director. Under the Companies Law, external directors cannot generally appoint alternate directors, and a person who is not qualified to be appointed as an “independent” director may not be appointed as an alternate to an independent director. See “Item 6—Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.” At present, there are no effective appointments of alternate directors for our Board.

Hi Your points are interesting and deserving of further research. I wasn’t aware of the sirt1 issue until now, so perhaps as you suggest when I take rapamycin on a Sunday I should wait until Tuesday or Wednesday to hit the resveratrol/ pterostilbene. That’s certainly a consideration. Will look into it.

Following termination of service as an external director, a public company, a controlling shareholder thereof and any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder, may not grant any benefit, directly or indirectly, to any person who served as an external director of such public company, or to his or her spouse or child, including, not appointing such person, or his or her spouse or child, as an Office Holder of such public company or of any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder of such public company, not employing such person or his or her spouse or child and not receiving professional services for pay from such person, either directly or indirectly, including through a corporation controlled by such person, all until the lapse of two years from termination of office with respect to the external director, his or her spouse or child; and until the lapse of one year from termination of office with respect to other relatives of the former external director.

S.-Y.R., J.-Y.K. and U.-H.K. designed research; S.-Y.R. and Y.-J.C. performed research; S.-Y.R. and U.-H.K. analyzed data; and S.-Y.R. and U.-H.K. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.

        In connection with this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the "Company") for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), each of the undersigned hereby certifies, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. (section) 1350, as adopted pursuant to (section) 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of his knowledge:

Our competitors currently include companies with marketed products and/or advanced clinical programs. The majority of our competitors include, but are not limited to, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Genfit S.A., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Allergan, Plc., Madrigal Pharmaceuticals Inc., Conatus Pharmaceuticals Inc., Novartis, CymaBay Therapeutics and Viking Therapeutics among others. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—Competition.” Moreover, several additional companies have reported the commencement of research projects and proof-of-concept trials related to NASH, including those mentioned in the preceding sentence.

When kidney injury becomes chronic, sustained macrophage infiltration may result the continuous cytokine production, which may become pathological and result in irreversible fibrosis, tissue damage and CKD progression42,43. Both macrophages and tubular epithelial cells are important sources of UUO-induced changes in renal TGF-β levels, and the interaction between macrophages and tubular epithelial cells plays a role in TGF-β-induced renal fibrosis44. Thus, we analyzed macrophage populations and found less macrophage infiltration in obstructed kidneys from P311−/− mice. On the other hand, macrophage-derived TGF-β1 may promote EMT in tubular epithelial cells and activate matrix-producing myofibroblasts45. These results suggest that P311 might be involved in macrophage recruitment to increase renal TGF-β levels in obstructed kidneys after UUO.

It is a specialists developer of innovative, efficient manufacturing processes, as well as dependable production of peptide-based active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its services portfolio is completed by a complete range of biochemicals and exclusive custom syntheses for research labs.