A lovely article, Derek, breath of fresh air after the parade of news stories that are muddled whenever they’re not vague. I wish there were a browser plugin that linked a real explanation (curated by angels) whenever you see a science-related news story, especially health-related.

Metformin and Berberine both interfere with the electron transport chain, which then triggers AMPK. It is difficult to say how much of their resulting benefit is due to increased mitophagy (the stress part) or MTOR inhibition. I suspect it’s both but have never seen this proven.

We have broad discretion in the use of our cash and cash equivalents and may not use them effectively.

In summary, present study elucidates the cellular and molecular mechanisms of β-BA in blood vessels and human endothelial cells. Specifically, it is firstly demonstrated that β-BA can attenuate endothelial cells injury in blood stasis model, and protect HUVECs against OGD-induced cell death by activating the eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway. Collectively, it is proved that the unexplored potential of β-BA for the treatment of blood stasis damage and pharmacological activation of NO/cGMP pathway can ensure endothelial protection.

Tellez, J. O. et al. Differential expression of ion channel transcripts in atrial muscle and sinoatrial node in rabbit. Circ Res 99, 1384–93 (2006).

        In March 2019, we announced pre-clinical data for our first XR formulation of zilucoplan, with a single subcutaneous dose resulting in rapid attainment of target drug concentrations for greater than one week in non-human primates, supporting once weekly or less frequent dosing. Of note, near complete inhibition of terminal complement activity for greater than one week was achieved without the need for prior intravenous loading doses, as measured by an ex vivo hemolysis assay.

Carol L. Brosgart, M.D. joined our Board on June 7, 2017. Dr. Brosgart served as a member of Tobira Therapeutics’s Board of Directors from 2009 until it was acquired by Allergan in 2016 and on the Board of Juvaris, a vaccine company. Since January 2018, she serves on the Board of Directors of Abivax, a biotechnology company, headquartered in Paris, working on HIV Cure and inflammatory diseases. Dr. Brosgart serves as a consultant to Allergan and a number of biotechnology companies in the areas of liver diseases and infectious diseases. Dr. Brosgart currently serves on the Steering Committee of the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable, the Executive Committee of the Forum for Collaborative Research, the Steering Committee of the HBV Cure Group at the Forum, and is on the Board of Directors of the Hepatitis B Foundation and the Northern California American Liver Foundation. She is active in the public policy arena for AASLD and IDSA/HIVMA. Dr. Brosgart served as Senior Advisor on Science and Policy to the Division of Viral Hepatitis at the CDC and to the Viral Hepatitis Action Coalition at the CDC Foundation from 2011 to 2013. Dr. Brosgart has also served as a member of the clinical faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco for the past four decades, where she is a Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biostatistics and Epidemiology in the Division of Global Health and Infectious Diseases. In 2011, Dr. Brosgart served as Chief Medical Officer at biotechnology company Alios BioPharma, Inc. Prior to Alios, Dr. Brosgart served as Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of Children’s Hospital & Research Center in Oakland, California, from 2009 until February 2011. Previously, she served for eleven years, from 1998 until 2009, at the biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, Inc., where she held a number of senior management roles, most recently as Vice President, Public Health and Policy and earlier as Vice President, Clinical Research and Vice President, Medical Affairs. Prior to Gilead, Dr. Brosgart was the Medical Director of the East Bay AIDS Center in Berkeley, California (1987-1998) and the Medical Director of the Central Health Center for the Alameda County Public Health Department (1978-1987). Dr. Brosgart received a B.S. in Community Medicine from the University of California, Berkeley and received an M.D. from the University of California, San Francisco. Her residency training was in pediatrics, public health and preventive medicine at UCSF and UC Berkeley School of Public Health. She has published extensively in the areas of HIV, HBV, CMV, and liver disease.

Peptide and protein toxins are widespread in the animal kingdom as well as in microorganisms and fungi.Their unique properties make them valuable tools in various areas of research. The conotoxins produced by marine snails can target receptors on sodium or calcium channels depending on their stru

Forest Laboratories (NYSE: FRX ) is a U.S.-based pharmaceutical company with a long track record of building partnerships and developing and marketing products that make a positive difference in people’s lives. In addition to its well-established franchises in therapeutic areas of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, Forest’s current pipeline includes product candidates in all stages of development and across a wide range of therapeutic areas.

Amarillo Biosciences Inc. (OTCBB: AMAR ) Amarillo Biosciences, Inc. is a U.S. biotechnology firm operating in global partnership with the Hayashibara Group, which owns 10.5% of Amarillo Biosciences shares and has provided over $18 million in loans, grants and equity investments to the company. Amarillo Biosciences’ primary focus involves extensive and ongoing R&D into the utilization of low-dose, orally administered interferon as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including chronic cough (COPD), influenza, and opportunistic infections in patients who are HIV positive. In its 23-year history, the Company has invested nearly $39 million to establish oral interferon as a therapeutic agent. The majority of those funds were invested in clinical trials in an effort to achieve FDA approval for low-dose oral interferon.

        Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we intend to focus on developing product candidates for specific indications that we identify as most likely to succeed, in terms of both their potential for marketing approval and commercialization. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that may prove to have greater commercial potential.

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